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☄️ SCIENCE · Science explained · 2026-08-30

What is a shooting star? A grain of dust burning up 100 km above you

Same news, rewritten for 6 Japanese school grades — pick your level below. Furigana + translation included.
157 chars · ~3 min · 18 kanji
☄️ SCIENCE 火球 かきゅう
Same sentence · 6 levels

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夜空よぞら を 白しろい 線せん が 走はしります。流ながれ星ぼし です。

実じつは 星ほし が 落おちて いる の では ありません。

うちゅう の 小ちいさな つぶ が、地球ちきゅう の 空気くうき に 速はやく ぶつかる のです。

空気くうき が あつく なって 光ひかります。

光ひかる の は 一秒いちびょう も ない こと が 多おおい です。

大おおきな つぶ は 明あかるく 光ひかり、火球かきゅう と いいます。

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Translation

A white line runs across the night sky. That is a shooting star.

In fact, no star is falling.

A tiny grain out in space slams into the air of the Earth at high speed.

The air becomes hot and glows.

The glow usually lasts less than one second.

A large grain shines brightly, and that is called a fireball.

Is a shooting star really a star?

A shooting star is one of the few pieces of astronomy you can see with no equipment at all: a thin white line that crosses the night sky and is gone before you can point at it. In Japanese it is nagareboshi, written with the characters for "flow" and "star", and the more technical word is ryuusei.

The name is misleading. No star is falling. What you see is a meteoroid — a fragment of rock or dust orbiting the Sun — running into the Earth's atmosphere. Most of them are astonishingly small. A typical one is the size of a grain of sand and weighs less than a gram, which is smaller and lighter than a single grain of rice.

The reason something that tiny can outshine the stars is speed. Meteoroids enter the atmosphere at somewhere between about 11 and 72 kilometres per second. At that speed the air in front of the grain cannot get out of the way, so it is violently compressed and heated to thousands of degrees. The grain vaporises, and the air along its path is stripped of electrons and glows. That glowing column of air, not the grain itself, is most of what you actually see. It usually happens around 100 kilometres up and lasts under a second. A rare large fragment burns brighter than the planets and is called a fireball, or kakyuu in Japanese.

Some nights are far better than others. When a comet loops around the Sun it leaves a trail of dust along its orbit, and if the Earth crosses that trail at the same point every year, you get a meteor shower. The famous mid-August shower can deliver dozens of meteors an hour under a dark sky. Almost everything burns up completely, but occasionally a fragment survives to the ground as a meteorite — Japan's most recent confirmed fall landed in Narashino, Chiba Prefecture, in 2020.

This article comes in six versions, one for each school grade from 1 to 6, with furigana and full translations.

Why does a grain of sand shine so brightly?

Because of its speed, not its size. It hits the atmosphere at roughly 11 to 72 kilometres per second, which compresses the air in front of it and heats it to thousands of degrees. The grain vaporises and the air along its path glows. Most of the light comes from that glowing air, about 100 kilometres above the ground.

What is a meteor shower?

A comet leaves a trail of dust behind it as it orbits the Sun. When the Earth passes through that trail — which happens on the same dates each year — many meteoroids hit the atmosphere at once. The best-known August shower can produce dozens of meteors an hour when the sky is dark and clear.

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Why six school grades, and not N5–N1?

Because that is how Japanese children learn to read. Japan's Ministry of Education fixes exactly which character belongs to which grade — so "grade 3" is a boundary you can verify, not a feeling. Every article here is machine-checked: if a single character sits above its grade, it is not published.

The result: you never hit a character you have not learned. That is the whole reason this product exists.

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