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🍶 SCIENCE · Science explained · 2026-09-10

Koji: the mould Japan named its national fungus, and how it makes miso, soy sauce and sake

Same news, rewritten for 6 Japanese school grades — pick your level below. Furigana + translation included.
169 chars · ~3 min · 16 kanji
🍶 SCIENCE 日本 にほん
Same sentence · 6 levels

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こうじは 日本にほんの 食たべ物ものを ささえる かびです。

むした 米こめや 豆まめに つけて、三十度さんじゅうどの 部屋へやで 二日ふつか そだてます。

こうじが 出だす 力ちからで、米こめの あまい 味あじが 生うまれます。

たんぱくしつは うまみの もとに なります。

みそ、しょうゆ、酒さけ、みりんは こうじから できます。

2006年ねん、日本にほんの 学者がくしゃは こうじを 国くにを あらわす かびに えらびました。

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Translation

Koji is a mould that supports the food of Japan.

It is sprinkled on steamed rice or beans and grown for two days in a room at thirty degrees.

The power koji releases brings out the sweetness of the rice.

Protein, meanwhile, becomes the source of umami.

Miso, soy sauce, sake and mirin are all made from koji.

In 2006 a Japanese scientist body chose koji as the mould that represents the country.

What is koji and what is it used for?

Koji is a mould — Aspergillus oryzae — that Japanese cooks and brewers have grown on purpose for more than a thousand years. Steamed rice, barley or soybeans are spread in a warm, humid room kept at around 30°C, the spores are scattered over them, and after about two days every grain is wrapped in a white fuzz. That fuzz is the beginning of miso, soy sauce, rice vinegar, mirin, sweet amazake and sake.

The mould does not add flavour directly. It releases enzymes: amylase, which cuts starch into simple sugars, and protease, which cuts protein into amino acids. Sweetness and umami in Japanese food are largely the work of those two reactions. Amazake tastes sugary although no sugar is added, and a bowl of miso soup owes its savoury depth to glutamate freed from soybean protein.

Sake brewing uses a trick found almost nowhere else. Koji turns starch into sugar while yeast turns that sugar into alcohol, both at the same time in the same tank — multiple parallel fermentation. Because sugar never floods the tank at once, the yeast keeps working, and sake can reach close to 20% alcohol, the strongest of any brewed drink. In 2006 the Brewing Society of Japan formally designated koji the country's "national fungus".

This article comes in six versions, one for each elementary-school kanji grade, with furigana and full Vietnamese and English translations, so you can read real Japanese at your level.

Why does koji make food taste sweet and savoury?

Koji releases enzymes rather than flavour. Amylase breaks starch into simple sugars, which is why amazake tastes sweet with no sugar added, and protease breaks protein into amino acids such as glutamate, which is what people taste as umami.

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Why six school grades, and not N5–N1?

Because that is how Japanese children learn to read. Japan's Ministry of Education fixes exactly which character belongs to which grade — so "grade 3" is a boundary you can verify, not a feeling. Every article here is machine-checked: if a single character sits above its grade, it is not published.

The result: you never hit a character you have not learned. That is the whole reason this product exists.

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